Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells <i>in vitro</i> through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis

Abstract The role of the calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs) in calcification process outer cyst wall hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) remains unknown. CNPs were isolated from tissues patients with HCE. Western blotting, alkaline phosphatase staining, and alizarin staining performed to detect cellular calcium ion deposition induced by CNPs. CCK-8 flow cytometry assays conducted determine effect on apoptosis mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). blot experiments examine expression levels apoptosis-related factors TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway constituents. Treatment differentiation MSCs. Calcium-related proteins, including OPN, BMP-2, RUNX2, upregulated after CNP treatment. Similarly, exposure increased In addition, Bax Caspase-8 was elevated promoted MSC inhibited growth. also activated This study indicated that may play a critical initiating HCE promote decay echinococcosis, providing new strategy for treatment echinococcosis.